/*! @file

    This file offers a C++ access to the PCSC library.

    @id $Id$
*/
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#ifndef PCSC_HXX
#define PCSC_HXX

#ifdef WIN32
  #include "WinSCard.h"
  #ifndef MAX_ATR_SIZE
    #define MAX_ATR_SIZE 33
  #endif
namespace pcsc {
  //! stupid windows needs std::wstring
  std::wstring strconv(std::string s) {
    return std::wstring(s.begin(), s.end());
  }
  std::string strconv(std::wstring s) {
    return std::string(s.begin(), s.end());
  }
  typedef wchar_t char_t;
  typedef std::wstring string;
}
#else
  #include <PCSC/pcsclite.h>
  #include <PCSC/wintypes.h>
  #include <PCSC/pcsclite.h>
  #include <PCSC/winscard.h>
namespace pcsc {
  const std::string& strconv(const std::string& s) {
    return s;
  }
  typedef char char_t;
  typedef std::string string;
}
#endif

#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <map>
#include <memory>

#include <sstream>
#include <iomanip>

//! This library is a C++ wrapper to the awful pcsc-lite interface.
/*! The reason for this wrapper is to get a nice object oriented
    interface written in C++ manner and using standard types and so to
    avoid the ugly M$-C-quirks. This interface is memory clean.
    @todo: Not implemented, not supported:
        - SCardGetStatusChange(hContext, 0, rgReaderStates, 1);
        - SCardReconnect(hCard, SCARD_SHARE_SHARED,
                         SCARD_PROTOCOL_T0 | SCARD_PROTOCOL_T1,
                         SCARD_LEAVE_CARD,
                         &dwActiveProtocol);
        - several other
    I do not need these, and I don't know the usecase where they are
    required.  If you need something that is not yet supported, please
    let me know, what you need and why. Then I'll add it so that it
    best fits the common needs. */
namespace pcsc {

  std::string hex(const std::string& data) {
    std::stringstream res;
    for (std::string::const_iterator it(data.begin()); it!=data.end(); ++it)
      res<<"(0x"<<std::hex<<std::setfill('0')<<std::setw(2)
         <<(unsigned int)(unsigned char)*it<<')';
    return res.str();
  }

  //============================================================================
  class exception: public std::exception {
    public:
      exception(const std::string& reason) throw(): _what("pcsc: "+reason) {}
      ~exception() throw() {}
      const char* what() const throw() {
        return _what.c_str();
      }
    private:
      std::string _what;
  };
  //----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  class not_implemented: public exception {
    public:
      not_implemented(const std::string& reason) throw():
          exception("feature is not implemented:\n"+reason) {
      }
  };
  //----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  class access_error: public exception {
    public:
      access_error(const std::string& reason) throw():
          exception("smardcard access error:\n"+reason) {
      }
  };

  //============================================================================
  class Connection {
      
      //...............................................................typedefs
    public:
      

      //------------------------------------------------------------------Reader
      friend class Reader;
      class Reader {

          //............................................................typedefs
        public:

          friend class Transaction;
          //! Scoped transaction.
          /*! This is a scoped transaction. That means, the
              transaction is started in the constructor and cancelled
              in the destructor, unless it is committed before. That
              means: If you commit the transaction, it is executed. If
              you leave the code block unexpectedly, i.e. through an
              exception, the transaction is cancelled.

              @code
              pcsc::Connection c;
              {
              Transaction t(c.reader("name"));
              [...] // do some stuff, possible exceptions thrown
              if (problem) return; // automatically cancelled
              [...]
              t.commit(); // commit if we reach this line
              } // cancelled, unless commit reaced
              @endcode */
          class Transaction {
            public:
              //! Begins a transaction.
              /*! @note Please note that the Reader is required in the
                  destructor und must therefore live longer than the
                  Transaction instance. */
              Transaction(Reader& r): _reader(r), _running(true) {
                _reader.beginTransaction();
              }
              //! Cancels the transaction if not yet finished.
              ~Transaction() try {
                if (_running) cancel();
              } catch (...) {
                if (!std::uncaught_exception()) throw;
              }
              //! Ends (commits) the running transaction.
              void commit() {
                if (_running) _reader.commitTransaction();
                _running = false;
              }
              //! Cancels the running transaction.
              void cancel() {
                if (_running) _reader.cancelTransaction();
                _running = false;
              }
            private:
              Reader& _reader;
              bool _running;
          };

          //! State and attribute list of a reader.
          class Status {
            public:
              Status(unsigned long s, const std::vector<unsigned char>& attrs):
                  state(s), attr(attrs) {
              }
              Status(unsigned long s, const std::string& attrs):
                  state(s), attr(convert(attrs)) {
              }
              const unsigned long state;
              const std::vector<unsigned char> attr;
            private:
              static std::vector<unsigned char> convert(const std::string& a) {
                std::vector<unsigned char> res;
                for (std::string::const_iterator it(a.begin());
                     it!=a.end(); ++it)
                  res.push_back(*it);
                return res;
              }
          };
      
          //.............................................................methods
        public:

          //! Disconnects connection.
          ~Reader() {
            _state = SCardDisconnect(_id, SCARD_LEAVE_CARD);
            if (!std::uncaught_exception()) _connection.check();
          }

          //! Get reader status.
          Status status() {
            DWORD dummy(0);
            DWORD s;
            DWORD len(MAX_ATR_SIZE);
            unsigned char a[len];
            check(SCardStatus(_id, 0, &dummy, &s, &_protocol, a, &len));
            return Status(s, std::string((char*)a, len));
          }

          //! Transmit data to reader.
          std::string transmit(std::string in) {
            DWORD len(1024); // arbitrary
            unsigned char buff[len];
            SCARD_IO_REQUEST rPci;
            check(SCardTransmit(_id, pci(),
                                (unsigned char*)in.c_str(), in.size(),
                                &rPci, buff, &len));
            return std::string((char*)buff, len);
          }

          //! @c false if last operation was not successful
          operator bool() const {
            return _state==SCARD_S_SUCCESS;
          }
          
          //...........................................................variables
        public:
      
          const std::string name;

          //.............................................................methods
        private:

          //! Use scoped transactions with @ref Transaction
          void beginTransaction() {
            check(SCardBeginTransaction(_id));
          }

          //! Use scoped transactions with @ref Transaction
          void commitTransaction() {
            check(SCardEndTransaction(_id, SCARD_LEAVE_CARD));
          }

          //! Use scoped transactions with @ref Transaction
          void cancelTransaction() {
            check(SCardCancelTransaction(_id));
          }

          /*! @throw not_implemented if _protocol is unknown. */
          const SCARD_IO_REQUEST* pci() {
            switch(_protocol) {
              case SCARD_PROTOCOL_T0: return SCARD_PCI_T0;
              case SCARD_PROTOCOL_T1: return SCARD_PCI_T1;
            }
            if (_connection._exc) throw not_implemented("unknown protocol");
            return 0;
          }
          
          //! Sets state and throws an exception if neccessary.
          /*! @throw access_error if it is instanciated for exceptions and
              an error occured in the last command. */
          bool check(long state) {
            _state = state;
            return _connection.check(state);
          }

          //! Only Connection is allowed to instanciate.
          friend class Connection;
          
          //! Establishes a connection to the given named cardreader
          Reader(const std::string& nm, Connection& c):
              name(nm), _connection(c) {
            check(SCardConnect(_connection._id, strconv(name).c_str(),
                               SCARD_SHARE_SHARED,
                               SCARD_PROTOCOL_T0|SCARD_PROTOCOL_T1,
                               &_id, &_protocol));
          }

          //! forbidden
          Reader();

          //! forbidden
          Reader(const Reader&);

          //...........................................................variables
        private:

          Connection& _connection;
          SCARDHANDLE _id;
          long _state;
          DWORD _protocol;
      
      };
      //------------------------------------------------------------------Reader
      
      enum Scope {
        USER     = SCARD_SCOPE_USER,
        TERMINAL = SCARD_SCOPE_TERMINAL,
        SYSTEM   = SCARD_SCOPE_SYSTEM
      };

      typedef std::vector<std::string> Strings;
      
      //................................................................methods
    public:

      //! Opens a connection (establishes a smartcard context)
      /*! The errorhandling is defined with the @c exceptions flag:

          Using exceptions:
          @code
          try {
            pcsc::Connection c; // standard with exceptions
            pcsc::Connection::Strings r(c.scan());
          } catch (std::exception& x) {
            std::cout<<"Error with message: "<<x.what()<<std::endl;
          }
          @endcode

          Without exceptions:
          @code
          pcsc::Connection c(SYSTEM, false);
          if (!c) std::cout<<"Error with message: "<<c.error()<<std::endl;
          pcsc::Connection::Strings r(c.scan());
          if (!c) std::cout<<"Error with message: "<<c.error()<<std::endl;
          @endcode

          Recommendation: Use exceptions!

          @param s defines the scope of the connection
          @param exceptions
            - @c true:  class throws exceptions in case of an error
            - @c false: no exceptions, check your instance after each
                        operation */
      Connection(Scope s=SYSTEM, bool exceptions=true):
          _exc(exceptions), _id(0),
          _state(SCardEstablishContext(s, 0, 0, &_id)) {
        check();
      }

      //! Closes the connection (releases the smartcard context)
      ~Connection() {
        _state = SCardReleaseContext(_id);
        if (!std::uncaught_exception()) check();
      }

      //! Scans for available readers from a specified list of groups.
      /*! Defaults to all groups. */
      Strings scan(const Strings& groups = Strings()) {
        Strings res;
        std::string grp(join(groups));
        DWORD num(0);
        if (!check(SCardListReaders(_id, grp.size()?strconv(grp).data():0, 0,
                                    &num)))
          return res;
        std::auto_ptr<char_t> nm(new char_t[num]);
        if (!check(SCardListReaders(_id, grp.size()?strconv(grp).data():0,
                                    nm.get(), &num)))
          return res;
        return res = split(strconv(string(nm.get(), num-1)));
      }

      //! Get a reader, open a connection if not already open.
      /*! First use scan() to get a list of readers, then open a
          connection to the reader, then access it. */
      Reader& reader(const std::string& name) {
        if (_reader.find(name)==_reader.end())
          _reader.insert(std::make_pair(name, new Reader(name, *this)));
        return *_reader.find(name)->second;
      }

      //! Close connection of a named reader.
      /*! If you access the same reader through raeder() later, the
          connection will be reestablished. */
      void close(const std::string& s) {
        
      }

      //! @c false if last operation was not successful
      operator bool() const {
        return _state==SCARD_S_SUCCESS;
      }

      //! Get the describing text of the last error
      std::string error() const {
        #ifdef WIN32
        std::stringstream ss;
        switch (_state) {
          case SCARD_S_SUCCESS:
            ss<<"Success";
            break;
          case SCARD_W_UNRESPONSIVE_CARD:
            ss<<"The smart card is not responding to a reset.";
            break;
          case SCARD_W_UNPOWERED_CARD:
            ss<<"Power has been removed from the smart card, so that further"
              " communication is not possible.";
            break;
          case SCARD_W_RESET_CARD:
            ss<<"The smart card has been reset, so any shared state"
              " information is invalid.";
            break;
          case SCARD_W_REMOVED_CARD:
            ss<<"The smart card has been removed, so that further"
              " communication is not possible.";
            break;
          case SCARD_W_SECURITY_VIOLATION:
            ss<<"Access was denied because of a security violation.";
            break;
          case SCARD_W_WRONG_CHV:
            ss<<"The card cannot be accessed because the wrong PIN was"
              " presented.";
            break;
          case SCARD_W_CHV_BLOCKED:
            ss<<"The card cannot be accessed because the maximum number"
              " of PIN entry attempts has been reached.";
            break;
          case SCARD_W_EOF:
            ss<<"The end of the smart card file has been reached.";
            break;
          case SCARD_W_CANCELLED_BY_USER:
            ss<<"The action was cancelled by the user.";
            break;
          case SCARD_W_CARD_NOT_AUTHENTICATED:
            ss<<"No PIN was presented to the smart card.";
            break;
          default:
            ss<<"Unknown PCSC state: "<<_state;
        }
        return ss.str();
        #else
        return pcsc_stringify_error(_state);
        #endif
      }
      
      //................................................................methods
    private:
      
      //! Sets state and throws an exception if neccessary.
      /*! @throw access_error if it is instanciated for exceptions and
          an error occured in the last command. */
      bool check(long state) {
        _state = state;
        return check();
      }
      
      //! Throws an exception if neccessary.
      /*! @throw access_error if it is instanciated for exceptions and
          an error occured in the last command. */
      bool check() {
        if (_exc&&_state!=SCARD_S_SUCCESS) throw access_error(error());
        return _state==SCARD_S_SUCCESS;
      }

      //! Splits a buffer with 0 separators into a vector of strings.
      Strings split(const std::string& in) {
        Strings res;
        for (std::string::size_type pos(0); pos<in.size();
             pos+=res.rbegin()->size()+1)
          res.push_back(in.substr(pos).c_str());
        return res;
      }
      
      //!  Joins a vector of strings into a  buffer with 0 separators.
      std::string join(const Strings& in) {
        std::string res;
        for (Strings::const_iterator it(in.begin());
             it!=in.end(); ++it)
          res+=*it+'\0';
        return res;
      }
      
      //..............................................................variables
    private:
      
      bool _exc;
      SCARDCONTEXT _id;
      long _state;
      std::map<std::string, boost::shared_ptr<Reader> > _reader;

  };

}
#endif